< PreviousDescribe the effects of opioids on each of the following: Opioid Receptors in the Body How do opoiod receptors work? ____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Opioid Effects on the Body _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ BRAINSPINAL CORD LUNGS HEART PERIPHERAL NERVES BRAINSTEM INTESTINES Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6837prefrontal cortex heroin activates dopamine receptors nucleus accumbens amygdala brainstem basal ganglia ventral tegmental area (VTA) Prescription opioid pain relievers and heroin are chemically similar and can produce similar effects. In some communities, heroin is cheaper and easier to get than prescription opioids. Because of this, people who are addicted to prescription opioids sometimes switch to using heroin instead. Opioid-Heroin Connection What is Heroin? Heroin is made from morphine, a natural substance taken from the seed pod of opium poppy plants in Southeast and Southwest Asia, Mexico and Colombia. Heroin can be injected, sniffed, snorted or smoked. The Connection between Opioids & Heroin Heroin is a type of opioid. Just like other opioids, heroin binds to the opioid receptors in the brain and body causing the release of dopamine. Who uses Heroin? Preventing opioid misuse and ensuring people with opioid addictions get treatment will help reduce the number of people using and becoming addicted to heroin. 20% of 12 th graders said they could easily get heroin if they wanted to. 2 1 Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. www.samhsa.gov. 2 Johnston L, O’Malley P, Miech R, Bachman J, Schulenberg J. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2016: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan; 2017. Heroin use has been increasing. The number of people using heroin has more than doubled in the past 15 years, to nearly one million in 2016. 1 Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6838al heroin activates dopamine receptors accumbens amygdala brainstem glia ventral tegmental area (VTA) Opioid-Heroin Connection What is Heroin? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ The Connection between Opioids & Heroin _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Who uses Heroin? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6838Short Term Effects • Confusion or clouded thinking • Dry mouth • Nausea & vomiting • Severe Itching • Slowed or stopped breathing Long Term Effects • Insomnia • Heart infections • Liver & Kidney disease • Collapsed veins (from injecting drugs) • Depression • Addiction Effects of Heroin Just like other opioids, heroin binds to the opioid receptors in the brain and body that send a rush of and extreme happiness through your body. However, there are many negative health effects. And if the dose is too strong, it can cause you to stop breathing, resulting in death. An Increased Risk People who inject drugs are at an increased risk of getting HIV or hepatitis C . Both of these diseases are transmitted through blood and other bodily fluids. When people share needles or other drug equipment , they can come in contact with these fluids. HIV, and less often hepatitis C, are also spread through unprotected sex, which drug use makes more likely. 1 Center for Behavioral Health Statistics & Quality. 2016 National Survey on Drug Use & Health. www.samhsa.gov. September 2017 More than 65% of teens think that using heroin even once or twice can result in great harm. That means the rest — about 35% — don’t fully understand the risks. 1 Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6839Effects of Heroin How does heroin affect the brain? _________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Short Term Effects: • ___________________________________ • ___________________________________ • ___________________________________ • ___________________________________ • ___________________________________ Long Term Effects: • ___________________________________ • ___________________________________ • ___________________________________ • ___________________________________ • ___________________________________ • ___________________________________ An Increased Risk What are the increased risks of using opioids? _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6839Opioid Addiction Are opioids addictive? Yes. Over time, opioid use can change the brain, leading to addiction. Addiction means a person continues to use a drug despite negative consequences, and actively tries to get more and more of the drug. Many people who take prescription opioids for pain become dependent , not addicted. Dependence means your body has gotten used to the drug, and it will hurt and feel uncomfortable if you suddenly stop. Sometimes dependence can lead to addiction if a person doesn’t make an effort to stop taking the drugs. Can opioid addiction be treated? Quitting opioids can be hard, but it is possible. There are several FDA-approved medicines to help treat opioid addiction: • Buprenorphine and methadone bind to the same receptors in the brain as opioids to reduce cravings. • Naltrexone treats opioid addiction by preventing opioids from having an effect on the brain. • lofexidine helps lessen withdrawal symptoms for people who are trying to stop using opioids. Counseling and therapy are also important to help people stop using opioids, rebuild relationships with friends and family, and learn healthy life skills. A combination of behavioral therapy and medication has proven to be very effective in treating opioid addiction. Doctors develop treatment plans to fit the unique needs of the patient. Withdrawal The brain gets so used to using opioids that when someone stops taking them, they can go into withdrawal. Withdrawal symptoms include sweating, shaking, vomiting, diarrhea and sleep problems. The symptoms can be so severe that it can be hard for someone to stop using opioids, even if they want to. This is why it can take several tries to stop drug use. Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6840Opioid Addiction Are opioids addictive? ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Withdrawal What are withdrawal symptoms? __________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Can opioid addiction be treated? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ FDA-approved medicines include: • __________________________________________________________________________ • __________________________________________________________________________ • __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6840The Opioid Crisis NALOXONE HYDROCHLORIDE Narcan® cartridge syringe applicator nasal atomizer Can you stop an opioid overdose? A Nationwide Crisis Opioid misuse has become a nationwide public health crisis. Government agencies, advocacy organizations, and health professionals are working together to tackle the crisis from every angle to: • Improve access to treatment and recovery services • Promote the use of overdose-reversing drugs • Strengthen our understanding of the crisis • Develop safe, effective medication strategies for pain management • Improve medications to treat people who are addicted to opioids Emergency Response If you think someone has overdosed: • Try to wake the person up • Call 911 • Check for breathing. If you have been trained, give CPR. • Turn the person on their side to prevent choking • Administer nasal naloxone • Stay with the person Naloxone is a medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent overdose by opioids. It quickly blocks opioid receptor sites, reversing the toxic effects of the overdose. It is available as an injectable solution, an auto-injector, and a nasal spray. Naloxone is administered when a patient is showing signs of opioid overdose, which may include: • slowed breathing, or no breathing • very small pupils in the eyes • slow heartbeats • extreme drowsiness, unable to wake up Opioid Overdose Statistics Yes, you can overdose. In fact, overdose deaths have almost tripled in the last 15 years and the majority of these deaths involve opioids. • When misused, opioids can slow breathing too much and may cause breathing to stop entirely. • The majority of drug overdose deaths, more than six out of ten, involve an opioid. • 91 Americans die every day from an opioid overdose. • In 2015, the amount of opioids prescribed was enough for every American to be medicated around-the-clock for three weeks. Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6841The Opioid Crisis A Nationwide Crisis _____________________________________________________________________________ A holistic, health approach to solve the opioid crisis includes: • __________________________________________________________________________ • __________________________________________________________________________ • __________________________________________________________________________ • __________________________________________________________________________ • __________________________________________________________________________ Emergency Response If you think someone has overdosed, you should: • ____________________________________ • ____________________________________ • ____________________________________ • ____________________________________ • ____________________________________ • ____________________________________ Opioid Overdose _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Opioid Overdose Statistics: • __________________________________________________________________________ • __________________________________________________________________________ • __________________________________________________________________________ • __________________________________________________________________________ Stopping an Opioid Overdose How does Naloxone work? ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ How is Naloxone administered ?____________________________________________________ • ___________________________________________ • ___________________________________________ • ___________________________________________ • ___________________________________________ NALOXONE HYDROCHLORIDE Narcan® cartridge syringe applicator nasal atomizer Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6841prefrontal cortex cocaine nucleus accumbens VTA (ventral tegmental area) pituitary hypothalamus hypothalamus choroid plexus thalamus limbic lobe hypothalamus prefrontal cortex opiods nucleus accumbens amygdala brainstem VTA (ventral tegmental area) prefrontal cortex alcohol nucleus accumbens amygdala striatum hippocampus VTA (ventral tegmental area) dopamine pathway- pleasure centers olfactory bulb prefrontal cortex nucleus accumbens amygdala VTA (ventral tegmental area) Preventing Opioid Addiction How can teenagers protect themselves? The best thing teenagers can do is to turn away from peer pressure to use opioids “for fun.” Only take opioids as prescribed by your doctor. Also, ask your doctor or dentist how quickly you can stop taking them or if there are other medications to use instead. Visit NIDA’s Teen Web site to learn more: teens.drugabuse.gov. Ongoing Research to Find Solutions Other Ways to Treat Pain Researchers are trying to find other ways to treat pain, such as: exercise therapy cognitive behavioral therapy massage therapy non-opioid medications (like acetaminophen and topical creams) The National Institutes of Health are exploring better ways to prevent and treat opioid misuse. They are looking at how opioids work on brain pathways and trying to figure out how to develop safer medications. Ideally, they could develop a pain reliever as strong as an opioid that does not have the risk of addiction. Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6842Next >