< PreviousNewton’s First LawPause and ReviewAdd descriptive words about each topic between the spokes.© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4886Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.FORCES Force Momentum Newton’s 1st Law Inertia Motion Satellites Gravity FrictionNewton’s Second LawNewton’s Second Law of MotionNewton’s second law states that the acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the net force affecting the object. When the same amount of force is exerted, an object with smaller mass accelerates faster than an object with larger mass. smaller mass = greater accelerationIf the amount of force on an object is increased, then the acceleration will increase.Second Law of Motion EquationThe equation that describes Newton’s second law is acceleration equals net force divided by mass. In this example, the cart has a force of 200 N and a mass of 40 kg. The acceleration is equal to 5 m/s2. Rearranging this equation to net force equals mass times acceleration is useful when you need to find the amount of force that is affecting an object. greater force = greater accelerationacceleration = force / mass acceleration 200 N40 kg=/5 m/s2=mass = 40 kgforce = 200 Nforce = mass x accelerationforce = 40 kg x 5 m/s2 = 200 Nmass = 40 kgforce = 200 N© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4887Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.mass = 25 kgforce = 200 Nmass = 40 kgforce = 200 Nforce = 400 Nmass = 40 kgmass = 40 kgforce = 200 NNewton’s Second LawExplain Newton’s second law in your own words.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Pause and ReviewComplete the equation. Then calculate the acceleration of the shopper. Show your work.© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4887Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.force = 400 Nmass = 40 kgmass = 40 kgforce = 200 Nacceleration = force / massforce = mass x accelerationComplete the equation. Then calculate the force of the shopper. Show your work.acceleration = 6 m/s2mass = 50 kgmass = 70 kgforce = 400 NNewton’s Third LawNewton’s Third Law of MotionNetwon’s third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This is a simple way of saying that when one object exerts a force on another object, the second object responds with a force in the opposite direction. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4888Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.action forceaction forceaction forcereaction forcereaction forcereaction forceUSAWhen a rocket launches, the action is the expelling of gas (thrust) out of the engine. The reaction is the movement of the rocket lifting off in the opposite direction. In order for a rocket to lift off from the launch pad, the action from the engine must be greater than the weight of the rocket.When a baseball comes in contact with a bat, they move from opposite directions. The ball exerts force on the bat, the bat exerts an equal but opposite force on the ball.When a horse jumps, it pushes off from the ground; this is an action force. The ground pushes back with an equal force; this is the reaction.When air is released from a ballon, the balloon is pushed in the opposite direction. force on batforce on ballNewton’s Third Lawgreater accelerationPause and ReviewEach image illustrates one of Newton’s Laws of Motion. Name the correct law and exlpain it in your own words.Newton’s Law: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Newton’s Law: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Newton’s Law: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4888Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.GravityLaw of Universal GravitationThe law of universal gravitation, proposed by Sir Isaac Newton, states that all objects in the universe attract each other through gravity. Gravity is a type of force that pulls objects toward each other. The amount of gravitational force between two objects depends on their masses and the distance between them. The strength of gravity increases as mass increases, and the strength of gravity decreases as the distance between objects increases.600 Newtons100 newtons62 kg62 kgmassweightEarth has a gravitational pull 6x stronger than the MoonMoonEarth Mass and WeightAn object’s mass refers to the amount of matter an object contains, while an object’s weight is the measure of the effect of gravity on its mass. The mass of a person is the same on the Moon and the Earth, but the person weighs less on the Moon than the Earth because the Moon exerts a smaller gravitational force than the Earth. Gravity and MotionWhen gravity is the only force acting on an object, the object is said to be in free fall. This can be observed if objects are placed in a vacuum. On Earth, all objects in free fall accelerate at the same rate of 9.8 m/s2, even if the objects have different masses. 9.8 m/s2accelerationaccelerationgravityair resistance(fluid friction)greater surface area - accelerates more slowlyvacuum© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4885Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Typically, objects don’t fall within a vacuum, but instead fall through air and experience resistance, which is a type of fluid friction acting in the opposite direction of gravity. Objects with greater surface area will experience more air resistance and accelerate more slowly.Gravity1) What does the slope of the line represent? ____________________________________________________________________2) Is this object in free fall? Explain. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________3) If you changed the mass of this object, and then dropped it again, how would the graph change? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4885Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Pause and ReviewThis graph plots the speed of a falling object over time. Use the data to answer the questions.d (m/s)time (seconds)9.819.629.439.249.012345speed (m/s)run = 2 srise = 19.6 m/sConservation of EnergyConservation of EnergyAs energy is transformed, the total amount of energy does not change. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. A roller coaster car is lifted to the top of a steep hill using mechanical kinetic energy. At the top, it has a large amount of potential energy. As it moves down the hill, it has kinetic energy again. However, some of its energy is converted to sound and thermal energy due to friction. As it continues, the car’s energy decreases as it is transformed to other types of energy, but the total amount of energy does not change.law of conservation of energy: potential energykinetic energysound energythermalenergyenergy cannot be created or destroyedpotential energykinetic energy© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4874Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Potential energy is stored energy.Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Anything moving has kinetic energy.Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but transformed from one type of energy to another.© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4874Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Conservation of EnergyPause and ReviewEnergy changes form, but the total amount of energy in the universe stays the same.Fill in the blanks with the following terms (some may be used more than once) : radiant (light) energy chemical energy mechanical energy kinetic energy electrical energy sound waves1. A car engine burns gasoline, converting the ____________________________ in gasoline into ____________________________. 2. Solar cells change ____________________________ into ____________________________. 3. When you hit a nail with a hammer, the ____________________________ of the hammer is transferred to the nail and drives it in.4. When you press on a car’s brakes while the car is moving, the ____________________________ of the car is transferred to the brake disc making the car stop while generating ____________________________.5. When you slam on the brakes to make the car stop quickly you hear a loud screeching noise. Some of the ____________________________ is converted into ____________________________.GASSTOPEnergy Transformation© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4873Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.frictionmechanicalenergyfrictionthermal energyGASgas combustion (chemical energy)mechanical energyFriction & Thermal EnergyWhen energy is transformed, some of the original energy is converted to thermal energy. Imagine a gyroscope that is spinning due to mechanical energy. It experiences friction with the surface it is spinning on and creates thermal energy. Eventually, the gyroscope will stop spinning when its mechanical energy has been completely transformed into thermal energy. MENU+–+–+Energy TransformationWe use many forms of energy every day. We use energy to heat, cool, run appliances, light our homes, and run our cars. All energy is connected and moves from one form to another. Energy cannot be made nor destroyed, but it can change form or transfer from one object to another. Energy transformation, or conversion, occurs when energy is changed from one form to another. In a music player, electrical energy is changed to sound energy.When you burn wood in a campfire, chemical energy is converted to thermal and light energy.In a flashlight, the chemical energy in batteries is changed to electric energy and then to light energy.We transform energy from one form to another because different end uses require different forms of energy. For example, the chemical energy of gasoline converts to thermal energy when it is burned, and then changes to mechanical energy to move a car.lightelectricalsoundchemicalpotentialelectricalkineticlight & thermalWhen a ball at the top of a hill rolls downhill, potential energy is changed to kinetic energy.Next >